PKU summary/ review

PKU is a rare inherited disease that causes your body to make to much phenylalanine.  The enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine becomes inhibited.  When this happens dangerous amounts of phenylalanine cancause damage to your brain tissue.  Most of you are askin what is that.  Phenyalanine is a natural substance that is a building block for protein.  This is one of the first tests you go through when you are born.  You treat PKU by going on an intense low protein diet. In the diet there is an artificial protein that contains phenyalanine.  If a child has this the artificial proteins will still allow them to grow up and live a perfectly good life.  But if your child eats too much meat, cheese, poultry, eggs and milk they could become very ill and possibly even die.  Hope you enjoyed my little summary of PKU:)

Cell Structure

Lets  start out with the cell membrane.  The cell membrane is a semi-permiable meaning that in only lets certain stuff in and out.  After this you encounter the cytoplasm.  Cytoplasm is the fluid that all the organelles are suspended in.  It also helps maintain the cell's shape. The next structure I want to talk about is the Nucleus.  The Nucleus controls the activity of the cell and houses our genes.  Inside the Nucleus is a Nucleolus.  The Nucleolus transcribes and assembles RNA.  The Nuclear membrane is a double membrane that holds in all of our genetic material.

Endoplasmic Reticulum has two parts to it, smooth and the rough.  The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids, metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids, and regulates calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attaches receptors onto cell membrane proteins.  The rough ER synthesizes proteins. 


All the other parts of the cell are vacuoles, mitochondrion's, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, lysosomes, and finally centrosomes.  Vacuoles are compartments that are filled with water that contain organic or inorganic material.  A mitochondrion generates most of the cells supply of ATP.  Golgi bodies process and package macromolecules.  Ribosomes make proteins from all of the cells amino acids.  Lysosomes contain acid that break up cellular waste and debris.  They also hydrolase enzymes.  Lastly we have centrosomes.  Centrosomes regulate cell cycle progression.  These are all of the parts of the cell and what they do.      

The Green MANchine project

Photosynthesis Dry Lab

1.    Materials: BTB,  Beaker, Water, Elodea Plant, Aquarium Snail, Lab Light.
Procedure:
1.  Put 100mL of water into the beaker and add 20 drops of BTB.
2. Add in the Aquarium snail.
3.  Repeat steps 1 and 2.
4.  Put one of these test tubes in the light and the other one in complete dark.  Let them both sit for an hour.
5. Put 100mL of water into another beaker an add 20 drops of BTB.
6. Add an Elodea Plant.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6.
8. Put one beaker in the light the other in the dark and leave both for an hour.
9. Put 100 mL of water into a different beaker and add 20 drops of BTB.
10. Add in an aquarium snail and an Elodea plant.
11. Repeat steps 9 and 10
12. Place one of the beakers in the light and the other in the dark.  Let them both stay here for one hour.
2.
1. Water plus bromothymol blue is blue-green.
Brothymol blue is a blue-green liquid which changes to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH.
2. Water plus bromothymol blue plus an aquarium snail turns yellow.

 All animals respire and  Carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid. BTB changes colors when its pH isn't neutral anymore.

3. Water plus bromothymol blue plus elodea, an aquarium plant, is blue-green in light.

Well green plants photosynthesize in light and respire all the time.  Then carbon dioxide plus water yields sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present.  Finally BTB is blue-green is when the pH is neural.

4. Water plus BTB plus a snail plus elodea is a blue-green in light and yellow when left in the dark for three hours.

Well first of all all animals respire and plants photosynthesize in sunlight.  When you take the sunlight out the plant quits taking up the carbon dioxide.  This then produces carbonic acid which changes the water to a yellow color because BTB isn't at a neural pH anymore.  

3.

1.  How much BTB was used in each different experiment?

2.  What type of aquarium snail was used?

3.  What color would it change if there were more snails then plants?

Enzyme Action Lab Graphs

Thanks for this graph Leigh.  Well in this experiment we manipulated the number of drops in each beaker.  Each beaker had 3 mL of water and hydrogen peroxide.  Then we added the yeast drops to start the enzyme reaction.  We then hooked up the beaker to the pressure gage and took these results.  When we added ten drops to the beaker we got .85 as the rate of which pressure changed.  With twenty five drops we got an atmospheric  pressure rate of .91.  Finally with forty drops  we got an atmospheric pressure rate of 1.11.

In this graph we kept the number of drops the same but changed the temperature of the beakers. Each beaker contained 3 mL of water and hydrogen peroxide as in the experiment before. We had four different beakers at 0, 25, 38, and 80 degrees Celsius.  Then we added fifteen drops of the yeast into the beakers and recorded the data with the pressure gage.  When the yeast was put into 0 degree Celsius water we had a pressure slope of .12.  When Yeast was added to 28 degree water the pressure's slope was .16.  When the water was 38 degrees the then pressure's slope was .21.  Finally when the water was 80 degrees the pressure's slope was .13.

In this graph we took out the water and added Ph 4, 7, and 10.  We put three mL of Hydrogen peroxide in each beaker.  Then we added 3 mL of Ph 4 to one, Ph 7 to another, and Ph 10 to the last.  Again we added fifteen drops to each of the beakers and recorded the results with the pressure gage.  When the Ph level in the beaker was at 4 the slope of the pressure graph was at .17.  When the Ph was at level 7 the slope of the pressure graph was .12.  Finally when the Ph was at 10 the slope of the pressure graph was at .17.

Microscope Lab organism video